Glossary

CFC

Controlled Foreign Company — rules that may tax foreign-company profits on a local tax resident.

Substance

Real economic activity (decisions, means, risks) aligned with the booking jurisdiction.

Freehold

Full property ownership (vs leasehold / limited rights).

Holding

Company designed to hold participations; tax regimes vary.

Exit tax

Tax on exit (distribution, departure, disposal) depending on jurisdiction.

Indicative

Structured estimate or judgement, not verified official fact — always labelled as such.

Stack

Deliberate alignment of life / business / capital layers (Liberty Stack thesis).